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Scroll back to Part III-A, "The Expert Witnesses."
In the last five to ten years there has been a paradigmatic shift in this research to make it more forensically relevant. Specifically, preschool children have been included
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in many studies, researchers have begun to examine children's suggestibility about events that involve bodily touching, and the understanding of "suggestive techniques" has expanded from merely the use of misleading questions to the broad range of suggestive interviewing and investigative techniques discussed below. All of which occurred in this case in an overwhelming manner.
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anatomically detailed drawings and dolls; using peer pressure to elicit disclosures; asking children to engage in speculation, and failing to ask questions that might provide alternative explanations for certain events. Research has shown that an interviewer's beliefs about an event influences the accuracy of children's answers, particularly if the interviewer is an adult of high status. When one adds to these discredited techniques, parental influence and pressure; wide and far-reaching media attention, and other significant issues going on in a child's life, the combination is a recipe for unreliable disclosures.
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defer to the interviewer if he or she challenges their reports.
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Leading questions from a biased adult interviewer will result in a child adopting the answers suggested by the interviewer as truthful. When an adult uses other improper techniques it only compounds the danger.
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show, the children will come to tell the interviewer what she wants to hear.
In one study, children were given an inoculation immediately after which it was suggested to them that it did not hurt that much when in fact it had hurt a great deal. One week after the inoculation, the suggestive interview did not have any effect on the children's reports, presumably because the event was still fresh in their minds. One year later, however, when questioned again, these same children stated that the shot had barely hurt them. The studies and the literature make clear, accurate reports emerge not from repeated interviews, but from neutral interviews.
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from, and whether the event is true or false.
In the mid-1980s there was no data to guide the interviewer's decision to use anatomically correct dolls, drawings and puppets in conjunction with leading questions when questioning young children about sexual abuse. Now, eleven years later there is well regarded research to show that these interviewing techniques are dangerously flawed and create a substantial likelihood that children's allegations through the use of these dolls are false and unreliable.
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emotional tones of an interview and act accordingly. This creates a substantial likelihood that a child's report will be unreliable.
Suggestive interviews can also result in false narratives that cannot be
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distinguished from true narratives, because the false narratives contain a number of factors which are generally considered to be markers of true narrative, such as spontaneous statements ripe with details, adjectives, emotional terms, and dialogue. Although in some cases it is easier to distinguish between a false and true narrative, because a true narrative is often more consistent than a false one and false narratives
contain many exaggerated and incredible details, it is generally difficult, if not impossible, to distinguish the two. Thus, suggestive interviewing techniques not only lead to false assent rates but they also affect children's demeanor to the point that they may be judged as credible and not susceptible to cross-examination, creating a clear example of the honest, but mistaken witness. Suggestive interviewing affects the credibility of children's statements to such an extent that even a professional may not be able to determine when suggestively interviewed children are providing a false report.
The Commonwealth's submissions have not chipped away at the defendant's position on this motion. Several of the articles submitted by the Commonwealth to discredit Dr. Bruck's opinion, in fact, either support or are consistent with her testimony. Contrary to the Commonwealth's position now and its experts at trial, scientific evidence does not support the view that most sexually abused children deny abuse, disclose abuse, and recant their previous reports only to disclose again.
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unreliable disclosures from the child witnesses who testified against the defendant. The first suspicions of abuse arose on September 2, 1984 when the Mother of MC, a FADS student who did not testify at the defendant's trial, called the "At Risk Hotline" to report that MC alleged had been sexually abused by Gerald Amirault. MC's mother had been questioning him for five months when she reported the abuse. Mother had spoken to MC before Easter in 1984 and told him about the molestation of an uncle in her family in order to prompt a disclosure. At best, the circumstances surrounding MC's disclosures are highly questionable, at worst they created an a atmosphere in which MC was extremely vulnerable to suggestive and coercive interviewing techniques.
The commencement of the investigation in this case was based upon a tenuous set of allegations. Soon after the report by MC's mother, authorities in Malden closed down FADS and the community was thrown into a state of panic. On September 12, 1984, a public meeting was held at the Malden Police Station to brief parents on the investigation. At the meeting, law enforcement officials made the irreversible and critical mistake of delegating the delicate and important task of interviewing to parents. Parents were in essence "deputized" and told to question their children about a magic room, a secret room and a clown, and not to say anything positive about the Amiraults.
The Amirault family was targeted in this investigation from the outset in a climate of fear and panic chronicled in pervasive and substantial media coverage. Susan Kelley, a pediatric nurse who interviewed all four child witnesses in this case, and law
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enforcement officials, had decided from the start that the Amiraults had committed these crimes. Consequently, investigators chose to ignore the testimony of other teachers and students involved in the case. Shortly thereafter, several children, including the four child witnesses who testified in this case, were subjected to multiple, suggestive interviews with parents, Department of Social Services ("DSS") workers, police officers and other law enforcement officials. All of the child witnesses initially - and quite amazingly - withstood the barrage; they all denied any abuse. Eventually - and now we understand, predictably - they were broken down and the newly discovered evidence explains how and why.
Investigators' misinterpretation of the child witnesses pattern of disclosure also flawed this investigation. The child witnesses in this case followed a disclosure process of denial (often repeatedly), disclosure, recantation and disclosure. Investigators' beliefs about the disclosure process translated into the following practices: abused children must be relentlessly pursued or they will never disclose the abuse; one should not accept children's denials or recantations because these responses are typical among sexually abused children and one must persistently question these children in order to overcome any threats the perpetrators may have made to them. The newly discovered evidence in this case disposes of these myths, showing that only a small minority of validated abuse cases fit into this pattern and that although threats are sometimes used to silence children, they are not predictably effective. The argument that all of the children in this
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case remained silent in the face of threats is not persuasive to this Court. None of these children spoke of abuse or threats until after they had been subjected to the inappropriate and coercive interviews. Many of the disclosures were inconsistent and contained
incredible events and acts. Because of their bias, investigators ignored these.
Interviewer bias, the central driving force in flawed investigations of child sexual abuse, was clearly and overwhelmingly present in this case. It is apparent from the police meeting in Malden of September 12, 1984; written DSS and police reports; the investigators' belief in the above described disclosure pattern; the opinion that subsequently disclosed behavioral and physical symptoms of the children were due to sexual abuse, and nothing else, and investigators' disregard, and often contempt for, the testimony of teachers who denied that they ever saw any abuse take place; as well as the reluctance on the part of investigators to consider the possibility that these children had
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not been sexually abused. Investigators also ignored evidence of dysfunction in the childrens' families, the inconsistency of many of the disclosures, and the "fantastic" claims. This interviewer bias led to the pervasive and improper use of specific suggestive
interviewing techniques, as is apparent both from the Kelly interviews as well as from the written DSS and police reports. Even to the very end, as the words of the prosecutor in the closing argument show, the Commonwealth insisted they had done "nothing improper" in the interviews and investigation. This blatant disregard of the evidence may help explain the unfair investigation of the defendant.
The manner in which this case, the first institutional child sex abuse case handled by DSS, was investigated - we now know - violated every acceptable standard for
conducting child abuse investigations. After the investigation, DSS worker Gerry Docherty, advised its employees on the proper way to handle institutional day care cases in the future, emphasizing that any future investigations were not to be handled in the same way.
Parents' reports which would normally serve to corroborate the testimony of the children, were inconsistent and made only after the investigation was well under way and some of the interviews had taken place; many of these interrogations were conducted by the parents themselves. Parents' memories suddenly surfaced about observations often made months or years before, without ever having been revealed to anyone. Their recall changed in order to conform with their beliefs, fostered by the media frenzy surrounding
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this investigation, and the influence of law enforcement, that their children had been sexually abused by the Amiraults. From the outset, parents were directed to play active roles in the questioning of their children.
Behavioral symptoms in the children alleged by the parents emerged only as a result of the coercive and suggestive interviewing that took place, other behavioral disorders, discord or changes in the family. Therefore, there is no credible, independent behavioral or physical evidence corroborating the children's testimony. None of these symptoms were disclosed until later in the fall of 1984.
Physical evidence in this case is almost non-existent and at most inconclusive on the question of whether these children were sexually abused. With the exception of one child, the minimal amount of physical evidence in this case was reported only months after the allegations surfaced. Even that child had similar physical symptoms before she ever enrolled at FADS; the one physical symptom seen in this child was inconclusive, according to her own doctor and the Commonwealth's witnesses.
The child witnesses who testified against the defendant were subjected to highly improper investigative techniques, including coercive and suggestive interviews and influences. Because there is no independent evidence to corroborate their allegations of abuse, their testimony is unreliable; its admission at trial of the defendant was a violation of the most fundamental rules of evidence and due process.
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Interviewer Bias
Interviewer bias is one of the driving forces behind suggestive interviewing and flawed investigations. Interviewer bias, now a widely recognized and accepted concept among experts in the field oF children's suggestibility, characterizes those interviewers who hold an a priori belief about the occurrence or non-occurrence of certain events and, a result, mold the interview to elicit statements from the interviewee that are consistent with their (interviewer's) beliefs, rather than what may have actually happened. Its presence is often revealed through the use of several improper interviewing techniques, which recent research has overwhelmingly shown to be suggestive and dangerous to the truth-finding process. These techniques include asking very specific rather than open-ended questions and providing the answer in the question; repetitive questioning about a particular topic or event, regardless of a child's response; reinforcing statements which confirm the interviewer's beliefs and ignoring those claims which do not, including allegations against individuals the interviewer does not want to focus on or those which are unbelievably bizarre; asking children for their help in the investigation; using
Recent research has proven that the following interview techniques are unnecessarily suggestive and improper, and the use of them in an investigation of alleged child abuse creates a substantial risk that a child's disclosures will be unreliable. Each of the following techniques was utilized in interviews with each child in the case before me. Examples of how these techniques were used with the four child witnesses in this case is explained in greater detail below.
A single suggestive interviewing technique has a deleterious effect on the reliability of a child's disclosure; when several of these techniques are used together, the likelihood that a child's disclosure will be unreliable increases significantly, as young children can quickly come to make false reports involving harm and wrongdoing. Recent research has shown conclusively that a combination of suggestive techniques used during an interview is likely to produce high assent rates for false events.1. Interviews with Adults of High Status
Children are sensitive to the status of their interviewer. A child's recognition of a power differential between themselves and an interviewer of high status, such as a police officer, will increase their vulnerability to suggestions. Children view these adults as truthful and will conform their answers to what the interviewer is looking for and
2. Stereotype Induction
Stereotype Induction is the strategy of giving a child information about the character of the suspected perpetrator. (i.e. in this case, "The clown is scary") If this stereotype is repeated several times, the stereotype of "the scary clown" is induced into the memory of a child. Through stereotype induction, and nothing more, the child will come to believe that there is a clown who is scary.
3. Use of Leading questions
The use of leading or forced choice, versus open ended, questions, will lead to inaccurate testimony from young children. Often in the use of leading questions the interviewer is providing the sought after answer to the child. Young children are more likely to respond accurately to questions in free recall than when they are specific. Because children are cooperative and they view the adult interviewer, often of high status, as truthful not deceptive, they are more likely to answer forced choice questions (i.e. Was it a cat or a dog?) even when they do not know or have an answer. A trained interviewer should always begin with open-ended questions, and then, if only absolutely necessary, carefully, slowly and in a very limited way move onto some more specific directed questions.
4. Pretending, Speculation and Fantasy
The research makes clear that young children have difficulty distinguishing between memories of actual events and memories of imagined events. When young children are asked to imagine or speculate as to what would happen or how they would feel if a certain event took place, they will later come to believe that those imagined events actually did happen. Moreover, when an interviewer asks a child to pretend, to stretch the bounds of reality, the interviewer is indicating that he or she is not really interested in the truth.
5. Repetitive Questioning
Inaccurate reports by young children increase with repetitive, suggestive questioning, including the refusal to take "no" for an answer. Repeatedly asking children leading and specific questions compromises the accuracy of a child's disclosure even more than just asking a leading question. Children often change their answer because they understand that their first response to the question was "wrong", otherwise the interviewer would not be asking the question again and again. Predictably, as the studies
6. Repeated Interviews
When children are repeatedly and suggestively interviewed they are more likelv to assent to a false event in a later interview, even after repeated and consistent earlier denials. Children's memory of an original event fades after a period of time allowing suggestions and/or misinformation received during earlier interviews to become more easily planted by the time of the later interview.
7. Source Monitoring Problem
Source monitoring problem refers to the inability of children to maintain a mental distinction between what the child has actually experienced versus what the child has learned or imagined from some other source. Sometimes, when children are asked to pretend about a certain event, later they have difficulty determining where the idea came
8. Use of Anatomically Detailed Dolls and Drawings
Anatomically detailed dolls are themselves suggestive and their use has been shown to consistently foster inaccurate reports. A single exposure to them may cause a child to exhibit an increased interest in sexual play and the discussion of sexual themes, as opposed to providing accurate reports. A child may insert a finger in the doll's anus or vagina simply because of its novelty. Also, anatomically detailed dolls may increase a child's knowledge of anatomy and sexual activity that they did not have before being introduced to the dolls.
9. Emotional Tone of the Interview
When interviewers create an atmosphere of accusation or fear by making statements such as "I think you are scared", children are quick to pick up on the
The defendant's newly discovered evidence in this case clearly shows, and this Court finds, that the FADS investigation was fatally flawed from the start and produced
The newly discovered evidence shows that the disclosure pattern of the child witnesses in this case is not typical of children who have been sexually abused. Because patterns of disclosure in Amirault are so discrepant from those of sexually abused children reported in the scientific literature, explanations other than sexual abuse must be considered to understand why the child witnesses in this case shared the same disclosure pattern; namely, that the children's disclosures were the product of suggestive interviews. The universal disclosure pattern found in this case is not the product of mere coincidence, but of highly improper interrogation and influences.
Scroll ahead to Part III C, "The Child Witnesses."